Depths
The
shallowest part of our sea is in Istria , where the depth does not exceed
50 metres. From Pula , the seabed mildly drops, making a long, narrow valley
which extends from Zirje towards Italy which is called Jabucka kotlina. The
biggest depth there is about 240 metres. From Jabucka kotlina, the bottom
rises to Palagruza reef where the biggest depth is 130 metres. Towards the
south, the bottom drops steeply towards the Juznojadranska dolina, where
the biggest measured depth is about 1,300 metres.
Seabed
The appearance of the underwater relief is the consequence of tectonic
movements, abrasion or erosion which were active several million years ago,
in times when certain parts of the seabed were land or the coastal area.
Uneven areas on the bottom are constantly reduced by sedimentation of detritus
from the land. That process is slow, but constant.
Tides
In
the Adriatic, the high and low tides have relatively small amplitudes. In
the southern part, the difference is rarely above some forty centimetres,
while in the northern part it is somewhat bigger, so that it comes to 1 metre
in Istria and the Gulf of Trieste . In some narrow channels and bays, the
high tide can grow considerably during a strong sirocco. That phenomenon
is characteristic for big and deep bays of the southern Adriatic. The tides
are of a mixed type, which means that their rhythm is semidiurnal during
the new and full moon, and of a daily type during the first and the last
quarter. Their amplitudes are very irregular.
Sea Currents
Sea currents occur under the influence of winds, the difference in pressure,
temperature, and the differences in salinity. With respect to the direction,
they can be horizontal or vertical. There are also bottom currents which
appear as the consequence of moving of water from warmer areas to colder
ones, during which the surface layer gets cold and descends towards the seabed.
Currents are weakly observable in the Adriatic.The speed of currents changes
in particular areas, but it also depends on time periods. The average speed
of currents is about 0.5 knots, but they can also reach the speed of 4 knots.
Salinity of Sea
The total quantity of salt dissolved in one kilogram of sea water is called
salinity, which is usually expressed in grams and as the permillage. The
salinity of the Adriatic Sea is 38.30 per mill averagely, i.e. there is 38.30
g of salt dissolved in 1 kg of water. In the northern part, the salinity
is somewhat lower than in the middle and southern part because of the influence
of the Po River.
Sea Temperature
The Adriatic Sea has a very marked annual change of the surface temperature.
The average annual temperature is 11°C. During the winter, the sea is the
coldest and the surface temperature is about 7°C; very seldom, it can drop
below that too. In the spring, the sea becomes warmer, and the surface temperature
rises to 18°C. In the summer the surface of the sea reaches a very high temperature,
of up to 22 to 25°C, and in the southern Adriatic and Istria up to 27°C.
In the Adriatic , thermoclines, i.e. parts of the water column of the same
temperature, are very well distinguished. The thermocline is most evident
during the summer, and, in the winter, the isothermal process arises, i.e.
equaling of the temperature throughout the water column. In the summer, we
can notice the first thermocline at the depth of 3 to 5 metres, the next
one is at about 12 metres, and yet another one at 18 metres, while below
30 metres the temperature is mostly constant throughout the year.
Waves in the Adriatic
Waves occur primarily as the consequence of the blowing of winds. The bigger
the reach, i.e. the surface across which the wind blows, the higher the waves
will be. Their strength depends on the configuration and the exposure of
the coast. In that way, mixing of the surface layer with water from the deep
is enabled, and the interaction between the atmosphere and the sea. We distinguish
the crest and the trough of a wave. The length of the wave is the distance
between two troughs. Most often, heights of waves in the Adriatic are between
0.5 and 1.5 metres, and they very rarely exceed 5 metres.